{"id":57223,"date":"2017-06-21T10:27:51","date_gmt":"2017-06-21T09:27:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/?page_id=57223\/"},"modified":"2017-06-21T10:27:51","modified_gmt":"2017-06-21T09:27:51","slug":"termika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/e-learning\/termika\/","title":{"rendered":"Termika"},"content":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Text: Pavel Wronka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Podm\u00ednky pro vznik termiky<\/b>
\nTermika je to, co n\u00e1s opravdu extr\u00e9mn\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1. Ur\u010dit\u011b u\u017e zn\u00e1te ten pocit, kdy\u017e v\u00e1s najednou nakopne neviditeln\u00e1 noha a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1te stoupat. A jestli ne, tak jste bu\u010f nebyli v dobr\u00e9 \u0161kole, anebo jste m\u011bli velkou sm\u016flu na po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel, termika nefunguje na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, pot\u0159ebuje k tomu ur\u010dit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Tyto podm\u00ednky jsou: dostatek slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd proh\u0159ev zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu a vhodn\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 zvrstven\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry. Tyto podm\u00ednky jsou pak dopln\u011bny p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed tzv. odtrhov\u00fdch hran, o kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1m proh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch m\u016f\u017ee utrhnout a za\u010d\u00edt stoupat.<\/p>\n

Za\u010dneme t\u00edm nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm, tedy dostatkem slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. V noci termiku nepotk\u00e1me, a p\u0159i zata\u017een\u00e9 obloze nebo v zim\u011b, kdy\u017e je slunce n\u00edzko nad obzorem to taky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 sl\u00e1va nebude. Termick\u00e1 konvekce (konvekce je v meteorologii term\u00edn pro vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed pohyby vzduchu, na rozd\u00edl od advekce, co\u017e je pohyb ve sm\u011bru horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm) toti\u017e funguje na principu tepl\u00e9ho vzduchu, kter\u00fd je leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch studen\u00fd, a proto stoup\u00e1 nahoru. Vzduch je pr\u016fzra\u010dn\u00fd a proto se p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm slune\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 jen minim\u00e1ln\u011b, prost\u011b slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky propust\u00ed skrz. Zato zemsk\u00fd povrch, to je jin\u00e1 k\u00e1va, ten se dok\u00e1\u017ee vlivem slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed docela slu\u0161n\u011b rozp\u00e1lit a od n\u011bj se pak oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ilehl\u00e1, nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e1 vrstva vzduchu. No a t\u00edm se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k bodu druh\u00e9mu, tedy nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9mu proh\u0159evu zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu. Kdyby m\u011bl ter\u00e9n v m\u00edstech naprosto jednolit\u00fd povrch, zem\u011b by se proh\u0159\u00edvala v\u0161ude stejn\u011b, ale ur\u010dit\u011b by nebyly stoup\u00e1ky v\u0161ude, kam se pod\u00edv\u00e1te. Pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak. Pot\u0159ebujeme, aby se zem\u011b n\u011bkde proh\u0159\u00e1la v\u00edc, a tam n\u00e1m potom vznikne stoupav\u00fd proud, a n\u011bkde m\u00e9n\u011b, a takov\u00e1 m\u00edsta si pak analogicky budou \u201ep\u0159itahovat\u201c proudy klesav\u00e9.<\/p>\n

No a nakonec pot\u0159ebujeme vhodn\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 zvrstven\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry. Pokud toti\u017e termika funguje tak, \u017ee teplej\u0161\u00ed vzduch stoup\u00e1, jeliko\u017e je leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e studen\u00fd vzduch okolo, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee nal\u00e9z\u00e1 li se nad tenkou vrstvou studen\u00e9ho vzduchu u zem\u011b vrstva vzduchu teplej\u0161\u00edho, termick\u00e9 stoupav\u00e9 proudy se tvo\u0159it nebudou, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se tvo\u0159it budou, ale zastav\u00ed se ve v\u00fd\u0161ce, ve kter\u00e9 naraz\u00ed na onu vrstvu teplej\u0161\u00edho vzduchu. A te\u010f podrobn\u011bji…[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1481543630042{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”52497″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”51600″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”56203″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd proh\u0159ev zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu<\/b><\/p>\n

To, jak bude Slunce zemsk\u00fd povrch proh\u0159\u00edvat, z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na v\u00edce okolnostech. Prvn\u00ed z nich je mno\u017estv\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a \u00fahel, pod kter\u00fdm na zemsk\u00fd povrch dopad\u00e1. Bude li obloha jasn\u00e1 a nic nebude slune\u010dn\u00edm paprsk\u016fm cestou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eet, zemsk\u00fd povrch se bude moci dob\u0159e proh\u0159\u00edvat. Av\u0161ak sta\u010d\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b tenk\u00e1 vrstva obla\u010dnosti, a situace bude zcela jin\u00e1. Dokonce i cirry, co\u017e jsou oblaka, jich\u017e si b\u011b\u017en\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nev\u0161\u00edm\u00e1, proto\u017ee zd\u00e1nliv\u011b slunce v\u016fbec netlum\u00ed a slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d je p\u0159es n\u011b vid\u011bt naprosto ost\u0159e, maj\u00ed schopnost odrazit spoustu slune\u010dn\u00ed energie zp\u011bt do vesm\u00edru a t\u00edm \u00fapln\u011b znemo\u017enit nebo alespo\u0148 zna\u010dn\u011b zt\u00ed\u017eit tvorbu termick\u00fdch stoupav\u00fdch proud\u016f. Zrovna tak z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, pod jak\u00fdm \u00fahlem slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky dopadaj\u00ed na zemsk\u00fd povrch. R\u00e1no a ve\u010der je tento \u00fahel p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 ploch\u00fd na to, aby se zem\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011bji proh\u0159\u00edvala, a rovn\u011b\u017e v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, kdy se slunce nach\u00e1z\u00ed nevysoko nad obzorem po cel\u00fd den, nebude mno\u017estv\u00ed dopadaj\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed energie pro vznik termiky dostate\u010dn\u00e9. Zrovna tak se budou l\u00e9pe proh\u0159\u00edvat ji\u017en\u00ed svahy, na kter\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky dopadaj\u00ed pod v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u00fahlem, ne\u017e severn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b tak z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, jak\u00e9 jsou vlastnosti zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je t\u0159eba to, jakou barvu m\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsto. \u010c\u00edm tmav\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm v\u00edce slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed bude pohlcovat a tedy se i oh\u0159\u00edvat, \u010d\u00edm sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm v\u00edce slune\u010dn\u00ed energie odraz\u00ed zp\u011bt a m\u00e9n\u011b se zah\u0159eje. Tato odrazivost slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 ALBEDO a existuj\u00ed tabulky, ve kter\u00fdch si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst, pokud v\u00e1s to bude zaj\u00edmat, kolik procent slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed jak\u00fd povrch odraz\u00ed a kolik absorbuje. Ona je tady toti\u017e v\u011bc podstatn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e albedo, tedy barva ter\u00e9nu, a tou je TEPELN\u00c1 KAPACITA povrchu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si to takhle: m\u00e1te vedle sebe dv\u011b pooran\u00e1 a povl\u00e1\u010den\u00e1 pole, jedno je v m\u00edrn\u00e9m svahu, voda z n\u011bj mohla odt\u00e9ct, zbytek se u\u017e vypa\u0159il a tak je na pohled sv\u011btl\u00e9 a such\u00e9. O jeden pozemek n\u00ed\u017ee je pole druh\u00e9, a to je v rovin\u011b, voda se na n\u011bm hromad\u00ed a tud\u00ed\u017e je z va\u0161eho pohledu tmav\u00e9. A zde se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 l\u00e1mat chleba: sv\u011btl\u00e9 pole sice v\u00edce slune\u010dn\u00edch paprsk\u016f odraz\u00ed, ale p\u0159esto se bude proh\u0159\u00edvat l\u00e9pe. Mokr\u00e9 pole je sice tmav\u00e9, ale je mu to houby platn\u00e9, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina dopadl\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed energie se spot\u0159ebuje na oh\u0159ev a odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

Voda m\u00e1 vysokou tepelnou kapacitu, proto se t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na chlazen\u00ed motor\u016f. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee pot\u0159ebuje hodn\u011b energie, aby se oh\u0159\u00e1la. Tak\u017ee stejn\u011b, jako je na vojn\u011b \u00faslov\u00ed \u201eco je mokr\u00e9, to je \u010dist\u00e9\u201c, my si m\u016f\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it \u00faslov\u00ed vlastn\u00ed- \u201eco je mokr\u00e9, to je \u0161patn\u00e9\u201c, proto\u017ee mokr\u00e9 pozemky se proh\u0159\u00edvat nebudou a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stoup\u00e1ky tam nenajdeme. Sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Adiabatick\u00fd d\u011bj
\n<\/b>Pochopen\u00ed adiabatick\u00e9ho d\u011bje je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, abychom porozum\u011bli n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednce pro vznik termiky, toti\u017e teplotn\u00edmu zvrstven\u00ed.Adiabatick\u00fd d\u011bj je takov\u00fd, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m nedod\u00e1v\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 teplo z vn\u011bj\u0161ku, ani jej neodeb\u00edr\u00e1me, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zm\u011bny teploty pozorovan\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia, v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzduchu, se d\u011bj\u00ed pouze zm\u011bnou tlaku. Jak tomu rozum\u011bt? U\u017e jste ur\u010dit\u011b zaregistrovali, \u017ee tlak vzduchu s v\u00fd\u0161kou kles\u00e1. Kdy\u017e na startu dopijete vodu a pr\u00e1zdnou petfla\u0161ku jako slu\u0161n\u011b vychovan\u00fd pilot nenech\u00e1te v\u00e1let na startu, ale zav\u0159ete do seda\u010dky, na p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed si ur\u010dit\u011b v\u0161imnete, ze je jakoby tro\u0161ku sm\u00e1\u010dknut\u00e1. D\u016fvodem je to, \u017ee v ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak vzduchu. A te\u010f d\u00e1vejte pozor: Ud\u011bl\u00e1me si mal\u00fd pokus. Vezmeme igelitov\u00fd pytel, napln\u00edme vzduchem, dovnit\u0159 vlo\u017e\u00edme sondu elektronick\u00e9ho teplom\u011bru, teplotu zm\u011b\u0159\u00edme, zap\u00ed\u0161eme a hod\u00edme jej ze sto metr\u016f vysok\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee. Na zemi, tedy o sto metr\u016f n\u00ed\u017e, teplotu zm\u011b\u0159\u00edme znovu, a ejhle: teplom\u011br n\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017ee teplotu o jeden stupe\u0148 Celsia vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Plyny se toti\u017e p\u0159i stla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed oh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed (pro technick\u00e9 typy: to je taky d\u016fvod, pro\u010d maj\u00ed kompresory chlad\u00edc\u00ed \u017eebra. Kdybychom je nechladili, zava\u0159ily by se stejn\u011b, jako nechlazen\u00fd motor). Zrovna tak se plyny p\u0159i rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed ochlazuj\u00ed, a kdybychom pokus provedli opa\u010dn\u011b, tj. zvedli bychom pytel se vzduchem na lan\u011b, nam\u011b\u0159ili bychom n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty o 1\u00b0C na v\u00fd\u0161ce 100 m. Tohle plat\u00ed pro vzduch, kter\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed nasycen vodn\u00ed parou, a proto tomuto d\u011bji \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me SUCH\u00c1 ADIABATA.<\/p>\n

U vzduchu, kter\u00fd je ji\u017e vodn\u00ed parou nasycen, je pr\u016fb\u011bh trochu jin\u00fd. Pokud budeme tento vzduch zvedat, bude se nad\u00e1le ochlazovat, a r\u00e1d by se ochlazoval d\u00e1le o 1\u00b0 C na 100 m, av\u0161ak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra v n\u011bm kondenzuje a p\u0159\u00ed kondenzaci uvol\u0148uje tzv. skupensk\u00e9 neboli latentn\u00ed teplo a t\u00edm jej zp\u011btn\u011b proh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, tak\u017ee vzduch nasycen\u00fd vodn\u00ed parou se bude ochlazovat podle takzvan\u00e9 VLHK\u00c9 ADIABATY <\/b>a to je 0,6\u00b0 C na 100 m.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Teplotn\u00ed zvrstven\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry
\n<\/b>Teplotn\u00edm zvrstven\u00edm atmosf\u00e9ry se rozum\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh teploty vzduchu s v\u00fd\u0161kou. Ne v ka\u017ed\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch n\u00e1m toti\u017e bude termika fungovat tak, jak bychom si p\u0159\u00e1li. Ka\u017ed\u00fd l\u00edta\u010d si \u010das od \u010dasu za\u017eije den, kdy je zd\u00e1nliv\u011b v\u0161e v po\u0159\u00e1dku: slunce p\u00e1l\u00ed, na obloze ani mr\u00e1\u010dek, zem\u011b nen\u00ed promokl\u00e1, tud\u00ed\u017e se m\u016f\u017ee dob\u0159e proh\u0159\u00edvat a .. nic. Stoup\u00e1ky se nedostav\u00ed. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou toho je takzvan\u00e9 STABILN\u00cd ZVRSTVEN\u00cd.<\/p>\n

Vzpome\u0148me si na suchou adiabatu. Stoup\u00e1 li vzduch, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed nasycen vodn\u00ed parou, ochlazuje se o 1\u00b0C na 100 m. A te\u010f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jak se n\u00e1m s v\u00fd\u0161kou m\u011bn\u00ed teplota vzduchu. Pokud toti\u017e teplota toho vzduchu, kter\u00fd m\u00e1me v oblasti ve kter\u00e9 chceme l\u00e9tat nekles\u00e1 alespo\u0148 o hodnotu such\u00e9 adiabaty, tedy o 1\u00b0C na 100 m, vzduch, kter\u00fd n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159inut\u00edme stoupat (t\u0159eba v\u011btrem p\u0159es h\u0159eben kopce) se p\u0159i stoup\u00e1n\u00ed bude ochlazovat podle such\u00e9 adiabaty, kde\u017eto okol\u00ed bude teplej\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fdsledkem bude to, \u017ee okol\u00ed bude i leh\u010d\u00ed a tak tento vystoupiv\u0161\u00ed vzduch klesne dol\u016f k zemi, kde se p\u016fvodn\u011b vyskytoval. Ke stabiln\u00edmu zvrstven\u00ed d\u00e1le pat\u0159\u00ed IZOTERMIE, kdy se teplota s v\u00fd\u0161kou nem\u011bn\u00ed, a INVERZE, kdy teplota s v\u00fd\u0161kou dokonce roste.<\/p>\n

\u00dapln\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad nastane tehdy, kdy\u017e teplota s v\u00fd\u0161kou bude klesat rychleji, ne\u017e on\u011bch zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch 1\u00b0C na 100m. Pokud se n\u00e1m toti\u017e utrhne termick\u00e1 bublinka a za\u010dne stoupat, bude se ochlazovat podle such\u00e9 adiabaty, kde\u017eto okol\u00ed bude chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Rozd\u00edl teplot bude st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, bublina bude v\u016f\u010di sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed st\u00e1le leh\u010d\u00ed a bude neust\u00e1le samovoln\u011b stoupat. Toto zvrstven\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 INSTABILN\u00cd, <\/b>n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost term\u00ednu LABILN\u00cd, no a vy se rozhodn\u011bte sami- na n\u00e1zvu nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed, hlavn\u011b kdy\u017e to bude chodit.<\/p>\n

No a pak tady m\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edpad t\u0159et\u00ed, kdy teplotn\u00ed zvrstven\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b kop\u00edruje suchou adiabatu. Toto zvrstven\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 INDIFERENTN\u00cd (etymologick\u00e1 podstata n\u00e1zvu: in-diferentn\u00ed, tedy ne-rozd\u00edln\u00e9, tzn. nijak se neli\u0161\u00ed od such\u00e9 adiabaty) a termika p\u0159i n\u011bm op\u011bt fungovat m\u016f\u017ee. Jak je to mo\u017en\u00e9? Jednodu\u0161e. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee m\u00e1me jakousi po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed teplotu vzduchu u zem\u011b, \u0159ekn\u011bme 20\u00b0C. Vzduch nad sluncem rozp\u00e1lenou loukou se potom m\u016f\u017ee proh\u0159\u00e1t na 25\u00b0C, nebo klidn\u011b i v\u00edc, uloupne se o vhodnou odtrhovou hranu – t\u0159eba hranu lesa- a najednou je kolem n\u011bj vzduch o teplot\u011b 20\u00b0C.. N\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch je tedy najednou teplej\u0161\u00ed, leh\u010d\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee si to vesele mazat vzh\u016fru.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”56252″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Tak to bychom tak p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b m\u011bli podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch termika bude vznikat. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 ov\u0161em do\u0159e\u0161it ot\u00e1zku nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou, a toti\u017e v jak\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce se termika zastav\u00ed. Tak\u017ee m\u00e1me instabiln\u00ed zvrstven\u00ed, u\u017e v\u00edme, co to je. Termick\u00e1 bublina se n\u00e1m utrhne a stoup\u00e1. Ochlazuje se podle such\u00e9 adiabaty, tedy o 1\u00b0C\/100m. Neust\u00e1le t\u00edm zvy\u0161uje sv\u016fj teplotn\u00ed n\u00e1skok proti okoln\u00edmu vzduchu. A najednou, v ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce, najednou naraz\u00ed na n\u011bco, \u010demu se V\u00dd\u0160KOV\u00c1 TEPLOTN\u00cd INVERZE. Dal\u0161\u00ed alternativn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy mohou b\u00fdt zadr\u017eovac\u00ed vrstva <\/b>nebo taky top vrstva. <\/b>Je to vrstva, kde najednou teplota s v\u00fd\u0161kou, m\u00edsto aby d\u00e1le klesala, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 stoupat, nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 stejn\u00e1. Termick\u00e1 bublina stoup\u00e1 st\u00e1le, a\u017e si srovn\u00e1 teplotu se sv\u00fdm okol\u00edm. Tady by se mohla zastavit, jenom\u017ee to, co se dostalo do pohybu vzh\u016fru, je p\u011bkn\u00fdch p\u00e1r des\u00edtek, mo\u017en\u00e1 i stovek tun vzduchu. A takov\u00e1 masa m\u00e1 docela slu\u0161nou setrva\u010dnost. Tak\u017ee stoup\u00e1 d\u00e1l, dokud nevy\u010derp\u00e1 i tuhle rezervu energie. A pak na\u0161e bublina zjist\u00ed: Ejhle, j\u00e1 jsem najednou studen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e okol\u00ed, energie do\u0161la.. A za\u010dne si to zase sypat dol\u016f, a m\u00e1me tady klesav\u00fd proud jak vy\u0161it\u00fd.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]O n\u011bco slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed to bude, kdy\u017e vezmeme do \u00favahy i vlhkost vzduchu. Vzduch stoup\u00e1 nahoru a ochlazuje se podle such\u00e9 adiabaty. Celou dobu obsahuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, v absolutn\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed pochopiteln\u011b stejn\u00e9, jen\u017ee se sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se teplotou vzduchu roste jeho relativn\u00ed vlhkost, a\u017e dostoup\u00e1 do hladiny, kde se vychlad\u00ed na teplotu rosn\u00e9ho bodu. Relativn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu dos\u00e1hne v tomto okam\u017eiku 100% a p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e1 vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra za\u010dne kondenzovat. V\u00fd\u0161ce, ve kter\u00e9 k tomuto dojde, se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 KONVEKTIVN\u00cd KONDENZA\u010cN\u00cd HLADINA a je to v\u00fd\u0161ka, ve kter\u00e9 se budou tvo\u0159it z\u00e1kladny obla\u010dnosti. V plachta\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00edch tuto v\u00fd\u0161ku najdeme pod zkratkou KKH. Zde se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b stoup\u00e1n\u00ed nezastav\u00ed. Naopak, sp\u00ed\u0161e zes\u00edl\u00ed, proto\u017ee nad \u00farovn\u00ed KKH se vzduch bude ochlazovat podle vlhk\u00e9 adiabaty, tedy o 0,6\u00b0C a teplotn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi j\u00e1drem stoupav\u00e9ho proudu a okol\u00edm se bude je\u0161t\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161ovat. Nakonec ov\u0161em stejn\u011b naraz\u00ed na teplotn\u00ed inverzi, rozd\u00edly teplot se srovnaj\u00ed, stoup\u00e1n\u00ed bude je\u0161t\u011b kousek pokra\u010dovat a nakonec se zastav\u00ed. \u00dadaj o t\u00e9to v\u00fd\u0161ce v plachta\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00edch najdeme pod zkratkou HHK, tedy HORN\u00cd HLADINA KONVEKCE. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu maj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e kumuly sv\u016fj typick\u00fd tvar. Z\u00e1kladna je ploch\u00e1, proto\u017ee ke kondenzaci doch\u00e1z\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 hladin\u011b, kde\u017eto vrcholy jsou kulat\u00e9 \u2013 nejv\u00fd\u0161e se toti\u017e v top vrstv\u011b setrva\u010dnost\u00ed \u201eprobij\u00ed\u201c ty nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti stoupav\u00e9ho proudu.
\n
\n<\/b>Jak to bude vypadat , kdy\u017e bude KKH v\u00fd\u0161e, ne\u017e HHK? Je to vlastn\u011b situace, kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 prvn\u00edmu modelov\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edpadu. Termika fungovat bude, ale zastav\u00ed se d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se vzduch ve stoupav\u00e9m proudu stihne ochladit na teplotu rosn\u00e9ho bodu. T\u00e9to situaci se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 bezobla\u010dn\u00e1 termika, rovinov\u00ed letci ji nemaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 r\u00e1di, proto\u017ee se jen t\u011b\u017ece m\u016f\u017eou orientovat kde stoup\u00e1ky hledat, ale v hor\u00e1ch to p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nevad\u00ed, proto\u017ee tam se l\u00e9t\u00e1 v\u00edce podle konfigurace ter\u00e9nu ne\u017e podle mrak\u016f. Proto spousta horsk\u00fdch pilot\u016f m\u00e1 bezobla\u010dnou termiku rad\u011bji ne\u017e klasickou s kumuly, proto\u017ee mrak zast\u00edn\u00ed ter\u00e9n, kter\u00fd se t\u00edm p\u00e1dem neoh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, vychlad\u00ed se a je\u0161t\u011b i po tom, co st\u00edn oblaku p\u0159ejde, bude dan\u00e9 m\u00edsto n\u011bjakou dobu termicky neaktivn\u00ed, ne\u017e jej slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed znovu nah\u0159eje.<\/p>\n

Te\u010f se ov\u0161em nab\u00edz\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, jak to bude vypadat, kdy\u017e ona zadr\u017eovac\u00ed vrstva, tedy v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e1 teplotn\u00ed inverze, bude p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nev\u00fdrazn\u00e1, tak\u017ee ji termika proraz\u00ed, nebo dokonce bude chyb\u011bt v\u016fbec. Odpov\u011b\u010f je jasn\u00e1 a jednoduch\u00e1: termika bude stoupat a stoupat, dokud se nezaraz\u00ed a\u017e o inverzi ve stratosf\u00e9\u0159e a bude z toho bou\u0159ka jako \u0159emen.<\/p>\n

A to je vlastn\u011b podstata takzvan\u00fdch BOU\u0158EK Z TEPLA. <\/b>Tyto, jin\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem m\u00edstn\u00ed, bou\u0159ky vznikaj\u00ed za podm\u00ednek instabiln\u00edho zvrstven\u00ed spodn\u00ed vrstvy troposf\u00e9ry, absence siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1dr\u017en\u00e9 vrstvy a \u2013 co\u017e je dost podstatn\u00e9 \u2013 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vlhkosti vzduchu. Vzduch nasycen\u00fd vodn\u00ed parou se toti\u017e p\u0159i sv\u00e9m v\u00fdstupu ochlazuje podle vlhk\u00e9 adiabaty a tud\u00ed\u017e rychleji vr\u016fstaj\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi vzduchem ve stoupav\u00e9m proudu a v jeho bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed, v\u00fdvoj obla\u010dnosti je tud\u00ed\u017e dynami\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee bou\u0159kov\u00e9 mraky maj\u00ed sice velmi vysoko vrcholy, av\u0161ak z\u00e1kladny le\u017e\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzko. Pokud hroz\u00ed bou\u0159ky z tepla, l\u00e9tat se d\u00e1, ale je to loterie: m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt pouh\u00fd slet v p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9m vzduchu, nebo p\u011bkn\u00e9 pol\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i neust\u00e1l\u00e9m kouk\u00e1n\u00ed na mraky kolem sebe a hlavn\u011b nad sebou.. Nebo to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt boj \u201evo holej\u201c, kdy u\u017e v\u00e1m jde jen o to abyste se na zem dostali cel\u00ed. Zku\u0161en\u00ed piloti, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b jejich poddruh \u0159e\u010den\u00fd m\u00edst\u0148\u00e1ci dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed skv\u011ble odhadnut situaci – \u201ekdy\u017e jsou bou\u0159ky t\u00e1\u00e1\u00e1mhle nad t\u00edm h\u0159ebenem, tak to moc ne\u0159e\u0161, ale kdy\u017e se t\u00e1hnou zezadu, tak to sbal a je\u010f dol\u016f lanem\u201c – no a tyhle rady b\u00fdvaj\u00ed k nezaplacen\u00ed. Ov\u0161em nikdy nezapome\u0148te na vlastn\u00ed hlavu, druh pilota \u201ekamikadze podivn\u00fd\u201c se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytovat prakticky kdekoli na Zemi.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”56260″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded” css=”.vc_custom_1497432903992{padding-top: 30px !important;}”][vc_separator el_width=”80″ el_class=”basic-separator”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Text: Pavel Wronka Podm\u00ednky pro vznik termiky Termika je to, co n\u00e1s opravdu extr\u00e9mn\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1. Ur\u010dit\u011b u\u017e zn\u00e1te ten pocit, kdy\u017e v\u00e1s najednou nakopne neviditeln\u00e1 noha a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1te stoupat. A jestli ne, tak jste bu\u010f nebyli v dobr\u00e9 \u0161kole, anebo jste m\u011bli velkou sm\u016flu na po\u010das\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel, termika nefunguje na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, pot\u0159ebuje k tomu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":57194,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57223","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nTermika — El Speedo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/termika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Termika — El Speedo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. 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