{"id":57225,"date":"2017-06-21T10:28:08","date_gmt":"2017-06-21T09:28:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/?page_id=57225\/"},"modified":"2017-06-21T10:28:08","modified_gmt":"2017-06-21T09:28:08","slug":"vitr-a-mraky","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/e-learning\/vitr-a-mraky\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00edtr a mraky"},"content":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]\n

Vznik v\u011btru<\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e existuj\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 \u00fatvary \u2013 tedy tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e a n\u00ed\u017ee. Tlakov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly maj\u00ed tendenci se vyrovn\u00e1vat a vzduch tud\u00ed\u017e chce p\u0159eb\u00edhat z v\u00fd\u0161e do n\u00ed\u017ee, ale v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e nen\u00ed nikdy nic tak jednoduch\u00e9, jak to z po\u010d\u00e1tku vypad\u00e1, tak si na po\u010d\u00e1tku mus\u00edme vysv\u011btlit jeden zaj\u00edmav\u00fd jev, a toti\u017e Coriolisovu s\u00edlu.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Coriolisova s\u00edla
\n<\/strong>V\u0161echny pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159edm\u011bty jsou na severn\u00ed polokouli odkl\u00e1n\u011bny sm\u011brem vpravo, a proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je rotace Zem\u011b, na ji\u017en\u00ed polokouli pak vlevo. Druhou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vzniku Coriolisovy s\u00edly je pak docela oby\u010dejn\u00e1 setrva\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

Zem\u011b je toti\u017e, jak zp\u00edv\u00e1 Pepa Nos, kulat\u00e1 a jak pravil Galileo Galilei, to\u010d\u00ed se. Zem\u011b prost\u011b rotuje kolem sv\u00e9 osy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u00fahlov\u00e1 rychlost je jasn\u00e1: je to 360 stup\u0148\u016f za 24 hodin. Obvodov\u00e1 rychlost se pak m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce. Na p\u00f3lu je nulov\u00e1, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce se vzdalujeme od p\u00f3lu a bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edme se k rovn\u00edku roste a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je pak pr\u00e1v\u011b na rovn\u00edku. Jen pro zaj\u00edmavost, je to n\u011bjak\u00fdch 1670 km\/h.<\/p>\n

A te\u010f si p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee vezmeme n\u011bco po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho, masivn\u00ed ocelovou kouli, t\u0159eba, postav\u00edme ji na rovn\u00edk a za\u010dneme ji valit sm\u011brem na sever. Vyd\u00e1 se n\u00e1m sice na sever, ale proto\u017ee m\u00e1 setrva\u010dnost, bude si st\u00e1le udr\u017eovat svou p\u016fvodn\u00ed obvodovou rychlost, on\u011bch zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch 1670 km\/h. A z\u00e1hy se dostane do m\u00edst, kter\u00e9 je bl\u00ed\u017ee k zemsk\u00e9 ose a tedy m\u00e1 obvodovou rychlost men\u0161\u00ed. Ona ocelov\u00e1 koule za\u010dne p\u0159ed zemsk\u00fdm povrchem p\u0159edb\u00edhat a v\u016f\u010di zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu se tak za\u010dne odkl\u00e1n\u011bt sm\u011brem vpravo. Zrovna tak, pokud ji postav\u00edme n\u011bkam k p\u00f3lu a \u0161oupneme ji na jih, zemsk\u00fd povrch za\u010dne p\u0159edb\u00edhat p\u0159ed n\u00ed a koule n\u00e1m za\u010dne cestovat op\u011bt doprava. Postav\u00edme li onu ocelovou kouli kdekoli na severn\u00ed polokouli a uvedeme ji do pohybu sm\u011brem na v\u00fdchod, vlastn\u011b tak zv\u011bt\u0161\u00edme jej\u00ed obvodovou rychlost a ta pak bude m\u00edt tendenci dostat se do m\u00edst se stejnou obvodovou rychlost\u00ed zem\u011b a za\u010dne ut\u00edkat rovn\u011b\u017e vpravo, a pr\u00e1v\u011b tak kdy\u017e ji posuneme na z\u00e1pad, vlastn\u011b ji t\u00edm p\u0159ibrzd\u00edme.. Atakd\u00e1le. Na ji\u017en\u00ed polokouli samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Coriolisova s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00ed taky, pouze smysl je opa\u010dn\u00fd – p\u016fsob\u00ed vlevo. Proto nap\u0159. tlakov\u00e9 \u00fatvary rotuj\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00ed polokouli opa\u010dn\u011b, ne\u017e na severn\u00ed. Coriolisova s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b na v\u0161echno co se pohybuje, ale v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky m\u016f\u017eeme pozorovat pouze u p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou hodn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 (nap\u0159. na severn\u00ed polokouli jsou v\u00edce vymlet\u00e9 prav\u00e9 b\u0159ehy \u0159ek a prav\u00e9 kolejnice na jednosm\u011brn\u00fdch trat\u00edch se v\u00edce opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed) nebo se pohybuj\u00ed hodn\u011b rychle (tak maj\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159elci opravn\u00e9 tabulky, kter\u00e9 berou do \u00favahy pr\u00e1v\u011b Coriolisovu s\u00edlu). V meteorologii se jedn\u00e1 o onen prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, kilometr krychlov\u00fd vzduchu toti\u017e v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 1,2 mili\u00f3nu tun.[\/vc_column_text][vc_raw_html]JTNDaWZyYW1lJTIwd2lkdGglM0QlMjIxMTAwJTIyJTIwaGVpZ2h0JTNEJTIyNTYwJTIyJTIwc3JjJTNEJTIyaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20lMkZlbWJlZCUyRmkybWVjM3ZnZWFJJTIyJTIwZnJhbWVib3JkZXIlM0QlMjIwJTIyJTIwYWxsb3dmdWxsc2NyZWVuJTNFJTNDJTJGaWZyYW1lJTNF[\/vc_raw_html][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Vznik v\u011btru<\/strong>
\nNa po\u010d\u00e1tek si uv\u011bdom\u00edme, \u017ee existuj\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 \u00fatvary. Nebudeme b\u00e1dat po mechanismu jejich vzniku, vezmeme je prost\u011b jako fakt. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi tlakov\u00fdmi \u00fatvary jsou tlakov\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e <\/b>a tlakov\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017ee. <\/b>Tlakovou v\u00fd\u0161i si m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jako v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kopec vzduchu, tlakovou n\u00ed\u017ei pak jako jak\u00e9si \u00fadol\u00ed (a nen\u00ed to \u0161patn\u00e9 p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed, ono to tak opravdu vypad\u00e1). P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee tyto ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u00fatvary budeme cht\u00edt zan\u00e9st do mapy.. N\u011bco budeme asi pot\u0159ebovat, ne? Ano, spr\u00e1vn\u011b bez vrstevnic se neobejdeme. A vlastn\u011b takov\u00e9to vrstevnice k dispozici m\u00e1me: naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se izobary.<\/p>\n

Izobary<\/b> jsou \u010d\u00e1ry, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed body na zemsk\u00e9m povrchu, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak (p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00fd na hladinu mo\u0159e). A proto\u017ee to jsou opravdu sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vrstevnice, meteorologov\u00e9 p\u0159evzali n\u011bkter\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy. Tak se v popisu synoptick\u00fdch map m\u016f\u017eeme setkat s v\u00fdrazy jako \u201eh\u0159eben vysok\u00e9ho tlaku\u201c, \u201ebr\u00e1zda n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku\u201c, \u201ebarick\u00e9 sedlo\u201c atd.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je to za\u0159\u00edzeno tak, \u017ee jak\u00e9koli rozd\u00edly maj\u00ed tendenci se vyrovn\u00e1vat, jen\u017ee.. Jen\u017ee je tady jedno jen\u017ee. Na vzduch, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 tendenci vyb\u011bhnout z tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e do n\u00ed\u017ee a t\u00edm vyrovnat rozd\u00edl, za\u010dne okam\u017eit\u011b p\u016fsobit coriolisova s\u00edla. Ta za\u010dne odkl\u00e1n\u011bt vzduch vyb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed z tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e sm\u011brem doprava (na severn\u00ed polokouli) a to tak dlouho, dokud se s\u00edla horizont\u00e1ln\u00edho barick\u00e9ho gradientu nevyrovn\u00e1 s coriolisovou silou. N\u00e1sledkem toho vzduch z tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e nevyb\u00edh\u00e1 ven, ale rotuje kolem st\u0159edu tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e sm\u011brem doprava, tedy p\u0159i satelitn\u00edm pohledu ve sm\u011bru hodinov\u00fdch ru\u010di\u010dek. Teprve pozd\u011bji se za\u010dne jakoby \u201enamot\u00e1vat\u201c na tlakovou n\u00ed\u017ei, a proto tlakov\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017ee rotuje proti sm\u011bru hodinov\u00fdch ru\u010di\u010dek (mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka: tlakov\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017ee, anglicky low, L, tedy do leva \ud83d\ude42 )[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Takto to vypad\u00e1 ve v\u00fd\u0161ce. P\u0159i zemi, v mezn\u00ed vrstv\u011b atmosf\u00e9ry (mezn\u00ed vrstva je vrstva, ve kter\u00e9 je proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no t\u0159en\u00edm o povrch, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt lamin\u00e1rn\u00ed nebo turbulentn\u00ed, v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e to m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b des\u00edtky metr\u016f nad oce\u00e1ny a\u017e kilometry nad horami) je vliv coriolisovy s\u00edly \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b omezen t\u0159en\u00edm o zemsk\u00fd povrch a sm\u011br v\u011btru se tedy od sm\u011bru izobar m\u00edrn\u011b odkl\u00e1n\u00ed: kolem tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e je to o 10 a\u017e 20\u00b0 sm\u011brem z v\u00fd\u0161e ven, u tlakov\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ee je rozd\u00edl pon\u011bkud v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou mezi 20 a 30\u00b0 sm\u011brem do st\u0159edu tlakov\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Tento v\u00edtr, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 tlakov\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly a kter\u00fd se ob\u010das naz\u00fdv\u00e1 barick\u00fd v\u00edtr je vlastn\u011b jak\u00fdmsi \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm, kter\u00e9 ov\u0161em m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u011b m\u00edstn\u011b ovlivn\u011bno nap\u0159. tvarem ter\u00e9nu \u010d\u00ed termikou (o tom v\u00edce v kapitol\u00e1ch \u201etermika\u201c a \u201ehorsk\u00e9 a \u00fadoln\u00ed prod\u011bn\u00ed\u201c).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1481543630042{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_separator el_width=”80″ el_class=”basic-separator”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]\n

Sm\u011br a s\u00edla v\u011btru<\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Na \u00fapln\u00fd po\u010d\u00e1tek p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed jedn\u00e9 trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed informace, ve kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak laikov\u00e9 nemus\u00ed m\u00edt zcela jasno: \u00fadaj o sm\u011bru v\u011btru n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, odkud v\u00edtr fouk\u00e1 \u2013 tedy severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed v\u00edtr fouk\u00e1 od severov\u00fdchodu. Z praktick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f se v meteorologii sm\u011br v\u011btru neud\u00e1v\u00e1 slovn\u011b, n\u00fdbr\u017e v \u00fahlov\u00fdch stupn\u00edch podle tzv. v\u011btrn\u00e9 r\u016f\u017eice. Tato vych\u00e1z\u00ed z ozna\u010den\u00ed na b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m kompasu. Kruh je tvo\u0159en 360\u00ba a jeho po\u010d\u00e1tek je orientov\u00e1n na sever, tedy hodnota 0\u00ba (\u010dast\u011bji se ov\u0161em u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u00fadaj 360\u00ba) znamen\u00e1 severn\u00ed v\u00edtr. Oto\u010d\u00edme-li se od severu o 90\u00ba vpravo, budeme st\u00e1t \u010delem k v\u00fdchodu, tak\u017ee \u00fadaj 90\u00ba ozna\u010duje v\u00fdchod, 180\u00ba pak jih a 270\u00ba z\u00e1pad.\u00a0 Z toho si m\u016f\u017eeme logicky odvodit, \u017ee nap\u0159. 240\u00ba znamen\u00e1 jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed v\u00edtr.<\/p>\n

S\u00edla v\u011btru se d\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159it v n\u011bkolika druz\u00edch jednotek. Jako\u017eto suchozemci m\u016f\u017eeme Beaufortovu stupnici ponechat stranou a zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme se na jednotky, kter\u00e9 se v praxi v meteorologii pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se setk\u00e1me s metry za sekundu (d\u00e1le jen m\/s). Popul\u00e1rn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 m\u00e9dia ob\u010das ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed rychlost v\u011btru v kilometrech za hodinu (km\/h), kde\u017eto ve v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m letectv\u00ed a tedy i v leteck\u00e9 meteorologii se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed uzly (kt).<\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k p\u0159epo\u010dtu, kter\u00fd pot\u0159ebujeme, pokud rychlost v\u011btru je ud\u00e1na v jednotk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m nevyhovuj\u00ed. Za\u010dneme slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem, toti\u017e z km\/h na m\/s a opa\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

P\u016fjdeme-li\u00a0 rychlost\u00ed 1 m\/s (co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pomalej\u0161\u00ed ch\u016fzi), pak za hodinu uraz\u00edme vzd\u00e1lenost 3,6 km. 1 m\/s tedy odpov\u00edd\u00e1 rychlosti 3,6 km\/h. Prakticky proto rychlost z m\/s na km\/h p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1me tak, \u017ee hodnotu v m\/s vyn\u00e1sob\u00edme \u010dty\u0159mi a pot\u00e9 z v\u00fdsledku 10% ode\u010dteme. P\u0159\u00edklad: 10 x 4 = 40 \u2013 4 = 36. 10 m\/s je tedy 36 km\/h. P\u0159i opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159epo\u010dtu postupujeme opa\u010dn\u011b, hodnotu vyd\u011bl\u00edme \u010dty\u0159mi a 10% p\u0159i\u010dteme. P\u0159\u00edklad: 20 : 4 = 5 + 0,5 = 5,5. Rychlost 20 km\/h je tedy 5,5 m\/s.<\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, toti\u017e m\/s a uzly. Jeden uzel (kt)\u00a0 toti\u017e vyjad\u0159uje rychlost jedn\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed m\u00edle (nm) za hodinu (pozor \u2013 uzel s\u00e1m je jednotkou rychlosti, proto se ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201euzel za hodinu\u201c). N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed m\u00edle je dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1800m (pro na\u0161e pot\u0159eby toto zaokrouhlen\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed) a proto\u017ee 1 m\/s odpov\u00edd\u00e1 rychlosti 3,6 km\/h, pak 1 kt je 0,5 m\/s.<\/p>\n

A je\u0161t\u011b jeden p\u0159epo\u010det, kter\u00fd sice zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nesouvis\u00ed, ale pilotovi sna\u017e\u00edc\u00edmu se porozum\u011bt leteck\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi se m\u016f\u017ee hodit, toti\u017e p\u0159epo\u010det stop (ft) na metry. V letectv\u00ed jsou toti\u017e z\u00e1vazn\u00e9 uzly pro ud\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rychlosti a stopy (\u010di sp\u00ed\u0161 jejich stovky) pro ud\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky.\u00a0 Jedna ft sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z 12 palc\u016f (inch) kter\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed 25,4 mm, 1 ft je tedy 30,5 cm. Rovn\u011b\u017e druh\u016f v\u00fd\u0161ek je n\u011bkolik: AGL (above ground level) je v\u00fd\u0161ka nad ter\u00e9nem (v meteorologii se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1) AMSL (above mean sea level) je v\u00fd\u0161ka nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1, kde\u017eto FL (flight level \u2013 \u010desky letov\u00e1 hladina) je nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka ve stovk\u00e1ch ft a p\u0159i standardn\u00edm tlaku (1013,25 hPa). A pr\u00e1v\u011b FL je pro n\u00e1s d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd v\u00edtr (a\u0165 u\u017e stav \u010di p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f) se ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u017edy pro pat\u0159i\u010dnou v\u00fd\u0161ku vyj\u00e1d\u0159enou ve FL.\u00a0 FL 100 je tedy 100 x 100 = 10 000 ft, tedy 3050 m nad mo\u0159em, FL 50 pak polovina.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1481543630042{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_separator el_width=”80″ el_class=”basic-separator”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]\n

Druhy obla\u010dnosti<\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Nau\u010dit se orientovat v obla\u010dnosti je v podstat\u011b jednoduch\u00e9, pokud jde o rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch druh\u016f oblak\u016f. (Podobn\u011b jako technick\u00e1 \u010de\u0161tina m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 specifika, nap\u0159. h\u0159\u00eddel je pro technika na rozd\u00edl od jazykov\u011bdce v\u017edy \u201eten\u201c, tak v meteorologii je to v\u017edy \u201eten oblak\u201c, v mn. \u010d. pak \u201ety oblaky\u201c. R\u016fzn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed term\u00edny, jako t\u0159eba mraky, pak meteorologie ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nezn\u00e1. ) Pochopit jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed finesy \u201emrakologie\u201c je pak z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed na cel\u00fd \u017eivot, ostatn\u011b podobn\u011b jako l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeden oblak m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt ozna\u010den\u00ed, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se ze \u010dty\u0159ech \u010di p\u011bti latinsk\u00fdch slov, do takov\u00fdchto detail\u016f v\u0161ak zde zach\u00e1zet nebudeme (doporu\u010dit v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme Atlas oblak\u016f Petra Dvo\u0159\u00e1ka, nakladatelstv\u00ed Sv\u011bt k\u0159\u00eddel 2007, v nab\u00eddce Elova obchodu). Mezi n\u00e1mi \u2013 pad\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1\u0159i zhusta obla\u010dnost stejn\u011b rozd\u011bluj\u00ed pouze do dvou kategori\u00ed, toti\u017e na kumuly a sr.\u010d.y.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]T\u0159i patra obla\u010dnosti
\n<\/b>Dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed skupiny, do kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017eeme obla\u010dnost za\u0159adit, je obla\u010dnost vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje a d\u00e1le obla\u010dnost t\u0159\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch pater \u2013 podle v\u00fd\u0161ky, ve kter\u00e9 se nal\u00e9z\u00e1. N\u011bkde mezi nimi se pak nal\u00e9z\u00e1 NIMBOSTRATUS, co\u017e je t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd mrak, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 z\u00e1kladnu n\u00edzko nad povrchem zem\u011b (nez\u0159\u00eddka i na n\u011bm) a vrchol pak a\u017e patru vysok\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

V N\u00cdZK\u00c9M PATRU (do v\u00fd\u0161ky oklo 2 km) se nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed druhy obla\u010dnosti: STRATUS (St) a STRATOCUMULUS (Sc). Straty jsou le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ve vrstv\u011b bez \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje. Jejich z\u00e1kladna m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce, v\u011bt\u0161inou b\u00fdv\u00e1 dost n\u00edzko nad zem\u00ed. Mlha je v podstat\u011b t\u00e9\u017e stratem, ov\u0161em se z\u00e1kladnou, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na povrchu zem\u011b. Stratocumuly jsou mraky, na kter\u00fdch je vid\u011bt p\u016fvod vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje, z d\u016fvodu vysok\u00e9 vlhkosti vzduchu se v\u0161ak (na rozd\u00edl od cumul\u016f) nerozpadaj\u00ed a tvo\u0159\u00ed jednolitou vrstvu, ze kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eou vypad\u00e1vat i sr\u00e1\u017eky, nej\u010dast\u011bji ve form\u011b p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bk r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity.<\/p>\n

ST\u0158EDN\u00cd PATRO obla\u010dnosti se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch mezi dv\u011bmi a\u017e \u0161esti kilometry a n\u00e1zvy oblak\u016f za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159edponou alto-. ALTOSTRATY (As)tvo\u0159\u00ed jednolitou vrstvu, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt ur\u010ditou strukturu, mohou se vyskytovat nap\u0159\u00edklad v p\u00e1sech \u010di ve tvaru \u0161achovnice. Jestli jsou b\u00edl\u00e9 a n\u011bkde nad nimi c\u00edt\u00edme slunce, naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se TRANSLUCIDUS, jestli \u0161ed\u00e9 a pozici slunce nejsme schopni odhadnout ani p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b, naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se OPACUS. Jestli se v jejich vrstv\u011b nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed d\u00edry, kter\u00fdmi je vid\u011bt modr\u00e9 nebe (nebo cirrovit\u00e1 obla\u010dnost nad nimi) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me term\u00edn PERLUCIDUS. Jeden oblak tak m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u00e1zev nap\u0159. Altostratus translucidus perlucidus radiatus, kde term\u00edn perlucidus radiatus znamen\u00e1, \u017ee oblak je tvo\u0159en rovnob\u011b\u017en\u011b le\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi p\u00e1sy, mezi kter\u00fdmi je vid\u011bt modr\u00e1 obloha. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ze tvaru a mno\u017estv\u00ed altostrat\u016f a z jejich p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo ub\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme velmi dob\u0159e odhadnout v\u00fdvoj po\u010das\u00ed na n\u011bkolik nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch hodin. ALTOCUMULY (Ac) se nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e ve st\u0159edn\u00edm patru, na rozd\u00edl od altostrat\u016f v\u0161ak netvo\u0159\u00ed jednolitou vrstvu a jedn\u00e1 se o jednotliv\u00e9 izolovan\u00e9 mraky. Nej\u010dast\u011bji vznikaj\u00ed vlivem turbulenc\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9 hladin\u011b, nap\u0159. Altocumulus lenticularis (zn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u201el\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed tal\u00ed\u0159e\u201c) pat\u0159\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b mezi nejhez\u010d\u00ed mraky na obloze, znamen\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee je zle a vrchem siln\u011b fouk\u00e1.<\/p>\n

VYSOK\u00c9 PATRO obla\u010dnosti se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch, ne\u017e 6 km, oblaky maj\u00ed n\u00e1zvy tvo\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159edponou cirro- a samy oblaky ji\u017e nejsou tvo\u0159eny kapi\u010dkami vody, n\u00fdbr\u017e krystalky ledu. Tato obla\u010dnost m\u00e1 m\u00e1lokdy velkou vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed mohutnost, v\u011bt\u0161inou jsou siln\u00e9 jen n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b stovek metr\u016f, av\u0161ak je-li jich v\u00edce a za\u010dnou vytv\u00e1\u0159et jednolit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvu, funguj\u00ed jako zrcadlo, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st slune\u010dn\u00ed energie zp\u011bt do vesm\u00edru a a\u010dkoli pocitov\u011b to tak nevypad\u00e1, povrch zem\u011b se neproh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u011b a termika p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 fungovat. Ob\u010das takovou vrtvu CIRROSTRATU (Cs) dok\u00e1\u017eou vytvo\u0159it i \u010dast\u00e9 pr\u016flety dopravn\u00edch letadel (a pak odkud poch\u00e1z\u00ed averze \u010d\u00e1sti bezmotorov\u00fdch pilot\u016f v\u016f\u010di dopravn\u00edm letadl\u016fm). P\u0159es vrstu cirrostratu je slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d jasn\u011b patrn\u00fd a \u010dasto je v kolem n\u011bj vid\u011bt tzv. halo, tedy jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kruh v \u00fahlov\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti 23\u00ba (mal\u00e9 halo) nebo 46\u00ba (velk\u00e9 halo). V noci se pak halov\u00e9 jevy tvo\u0159\u00ed kolem m\u011bs\u00edce. Tento \u00fakaz, lidov\u011b zvan\u00fd \u201em\u011bs\u00edc m\u00e1 stud\u00e1nku\u201c n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee upozornit na bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se teplou nebo okluzn\u00ed frontu a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed zhor\u0161en\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed. CIRROCUMULY ( Cc) jsou drobn\u00e9, b\u00edl\u00e9 obl\u00e1\u010dky velikosti hr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f a vznikaj\u00ed za podm\u00ednek dynamick\u00fdch turbulenc\u00ed na velk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. Obla\u010dnost typu CIRRUS (Ci)je pak tvo\u0159ena jednotliv\u00fdmi p\u00e1sky, h\u00e1\u010dky, \u010di pouze t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 beztvar\u00fdmi \u201efleky\u201c. H\u00e1\u010dkovit\u00e9 cirry (cirrus uncinus) a \u201eryb\u00ed kostry\u201c (cirrus vertebratus) jsou typicky \u201ezimn\u00ed\u201c tvary a pokud se objevuj\u00ed na obloze ji\u017e v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee to v\u011b\u0161tit dlouhou a tvrdou zimu. Cirry samy o sob\u011b nemus\u00ed znamenat v\u016fbec nic \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt t\u0159eba poz\u016fstatek bou\u0159ky, kter\u00e1 u\u017e se d\u00e1vno rozpadla, pokud jich v\u0161ak na obloze p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee se \u201en\u011bco\u201c \u017eene (t\u00edm \u201en\u011b\u010d\u00edm\u201c je nej\u010dast\u011bji tepl\u00e1 fronta \u010di okluze).[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”51712″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]Obla\u010dnost vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje
\n<\/b>Ty jsou pro na\u0161e l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed asi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee vznikaj\u00ed vlivem konvekce (tedy vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch pohyb\u016f) v doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti troposf\u00e9ry, tedy termiky. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kumul tak je vlastn\u011b jak\u00fdmsi zviditeln\u011bn\u00fdm vrcholem stoupav\u00e9ho proudu. Tak je obla\u010dnost typu CUMULUS (Cu) tou nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mezi plachta\u0159i, rogalisty i pad\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1\u0159i. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak kumul jako kumul, jsou druhy vylo\u017een\u011b mil\u00e9, ale i ty, kter\u00e9 u\u017e v\u00e1\u017en\u011b varuj\u00ed p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)je ploch\u00fd oblak, jeho\u017e v\u00fd\u0161ka je v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka jeho z\u00e1kladny. Tento \u201ekumul p\u011bkn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed\u201c v\u011bt\u0161inou nem\u00edv\u00e1 dlouh\u00fd \u017eivot a rozpad\u00e1 se b\u011bhem des\u00edtek minut a jeho v\u00fdskyt signalizuje ide\u00e1ln\u00ed termick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky i pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky. Cumulus mediocris (Cu med) je oblak tvaru kvadratick\u00e9ho, jeho v\u00fd\u0161ka tedy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce z\u00e1kladny. I pod t\u011bmito oblaky se d\u00e1 bezpe\u010dn\u011b l\u00e9tat. U obla\u010dnosti Cumulus congestus (Cu con) v\u00fd\u0161ka v\u00fdrazn\u011b dominuje nad \u0161\u00ed\u0159kou a u\u017e n\u00e1s varuje, \u017ee termika je siln\u00e1 a hlavn\u011b s vysok\u00fdm dostupem, kdy v nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159er\u016fstat do bou\u0159ek. Za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek mohou l\u00e9tat pouze zku\u0161en\u00ed piloti, kte\u0159\u00ed dokonale ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed sestupov\u00e9 man\u00e9vry (samotn\u00e9 u\u0161i opravdu nesta\u010d\u00ed!) a kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00ed, kdy je pot\u0159eba je pou\u017e\u00edt. Dal\u0161\u00edm nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm jevem je pak vysok\u00e1, \u00fazk\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e, kter\u00e1 se jmenuje castellatus a kter\u00e1 dovede pom\u011brn\u011b rychle vyr\u016fst z obla\u010dnosti typu Cumulus mediocris. Castellatus signalizuje, \u017ee termika je schopn\u00e1 prorazit v\u00fd\u0161kovou teplotn\u00ed inverzi, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed zadr\u017eovac\u00ed vrstvu a \u017ee tedy bou\u0159ka je tak\u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc na spadnut\u00ed. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je lep\u0161\u00ed se d\u016fkladn\u011b zamyslet nad proveden\u00edm letu a jsme-li u\u017e ve vzduchu, tak rad\u011bji p\u0159ist\u00e1t.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1481543630042{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_separator el_width=”80″ el_class=”basic-separator”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\n

Horsk\u00e9 a \u00fadoln\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed<\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]P\u0159edstavme si horsk\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed, jej\u00edm\u017e st\u0159edem te\u010de potok \u010di \u0159\u00ed\u010dka a po obou stran\u00e1ch se zvedaj\u00ed h\u0159ebeny. \u00dadol\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tu u\u017e\u0161\u00ed, tu \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, s vesnic\u00ed \u010di poli a pastvinami, kter\u00e9 pak pokra\u010duj\u00ed vzh\u016fru po svaz\u00edch a\u017e po hranici lesa. Pod h\u0159ebeny hor pak lesy p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159es kosod\u0159evinu do skal. Takov\u00e9to \u00fadol\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee v termick\u00fdch dnech vytvo\u0159it sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed mikroklima, pro l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed velmi p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, av\u0161ak i s n\u011bkolika jevy, kter\u00e9 pro n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017eou p\u0159edstavovat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si \u010dasn\u00e9 r\u00e1no v takov\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed. Je ticho, bezv\u011bt\u0159\u00ed. V orosen\u00e9 tr\u00e1v\u011b jsou patrn\u00e9 stopy zv\u011b\u0159e, kter\u00e1 s nast\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm dnem op\u011bt hled\u00e1 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v les\u00edch na \u00fabo\u010d\u00edch hor. Slunce, stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed na oblohu, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi paprsky oh\u0159\u00edvat svahy,nejd\u0159\u00edve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed, posl\u00e9ze, jakmile vystoup\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e, ji\u017e v\u0161echny. Vzduch, oh\u0159\u00edvan\u00fd od naslun\u011bn\u00fdch svah\u016f, po nich za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vyklouz\u00e1vat nahoru, cestou se d\u00e1le proh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 a tento stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bt\u0159\u00edk za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u0161um\u011bt v korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f, rostouc\u00edch na svaz\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Slunce stoup\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e, svahy se proh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b l\u00e9pe a pod h\u0159ebeny hor za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vanout v\u00edtr sm\u011brem nahoru. Pokud tento p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch cestou pod\u00e9l svahu naraz\u00ed na odtrhovou hranu (v\u00fdrazn\u00fd ter\u00e9nn\u00ed zlom, hrana lesa) odtrhne se a za\u010dne stoupat p\u0159\u00edmo vzh\u016fru, pokud ne, plaz\u00ed se pod\u00e9l svahu a\u017e na h\u0159eben a odtrhne se teprve tam. Nad svahy a h\u0159ebeny tak vznikaj\u00ed oblasti stoupav\u00fdch proud\u016f a za vhodn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek i obla\u010dnost typu Cumulus. Tento jev, kdy proh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch stoup\u00e1 pod\u00e9l svah\u016f, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 anabatick\u00fd d\u011bj.<\/p>\n

Vzduch uprost\u0159ed \u00fadol\u00ed se ov\u0161em mus\u00ed odn\u011bkud dopl\u0148ovat. Dopoledne, dokud anabatick\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e9, d\u011bje se tak klesav\u00fdmi proudy nad st\u0159edem \u00fadol\u00ed (proto v hor\u00e1ch l\u00e9t\u00e1me podle z\u00e1sady \u201enad h\u0159ebeny to nos\u00ed, nad dolinami kles\u00e1\u201c). Pozd\u011bji odpoledne pak ji\u017e tyto klesav\u00e9 proudy nad \u00fadol\u00edm nesta\u010d\u00ed dopl\u0148ovat v\u0161echen vzduch, kter\u00fd z n\u011bj stoupe pod\u00e9l svah\u016f a \u00fadol\u00ed zi za\u010dne \u201enacuc\u00e1vat\u201c dal\u0161\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fd vzduch z rovin p\u0159ed horami. Vznik\u00e1 tak v\u00edtr, vanouc\u00ed v ose \u00fadol\u00ed sm\u011brem nahoru (mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka: proti toku potoku) a citeln\u00fd i p\u0159edh\u016f\u0159\u00ed, do vzd\u00e1lenosti \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b a\u017e des\u00edtek (!) km od hor. Tento \u00fadoln\u00ed v\u00edtr (slangov\u011b \u201e\u00fadolka\u201c) vane od zem\u011b do v\u00fd\u0161ky n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo set metr\u016f a jeho s\u00edla z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tvaru \u00fadol\u00ed a termick\u00e9 aktivit\u011b dne. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zat\u00edmco v Beskydech m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b dosahovat s\u00edly a\u017e okolo 10 m\/s, v Alp\u00e1ch pak b\u011b\u017en\u011b i mnohem v\u00edce. Tomu bychom m\u011bli p\u0159izp\u016fsobit i na\u0161e chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed v hor\u00e1ch. L\u00e9tat nad h\u0159ebeny, kde to nos\u00ed, \u00fadol\u00ed p\u0159el\u00e9t\u00e1vat nad neju\u017e\u0161\u00edmi m\u00edsty (abychom se dlouho nezdr\u017eovali v kles\u00e1n\u00ed nad nimi) a naopak p\u0159ist\u00e1vat v m\u00edstech, kde jsou nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a \u00fadoln\u00ed v\u00edtr se tak m\u016f\u017ee rozl\u00edt do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho koryta a t\u00edm pon\u011bkud zesl\u00e1bnout.<\/p>\n

S pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm dnem slunce pomalu kles\u00e1 a s t\u00edm kles\u00e1 i intenzita proh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu. Svahy jsou such\u00e9, voda z nich st\u00e9k\u00e1 do \u00fadol\u00ed a maj\u00ed tedy n\u00edzkou tepelnou kapacitu (proto se dopoledne mohou pom\u011brn\u011b rychle proh\u0159\u00edvat). Pozd\u011bji odpoledne v\u0161ak pr\u00e1v\u011b proto za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vychl\u00e1dat a kdy\u017e slunce stoj\u00ed n\u00edzko nad obzorem (typicky asi dv\u011b hodiny p\u0159ed z\u00e1padem slunce) proud\u011bn\u00ed nad nimi se oto\u010d\u00ed. Vzduch za\u010dne pod\u00e9l nyn\u00ed ji\u017e chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch svah\u016f klouzat dol\u016f do \u00fadol\u00ed. Tento jev naz\u00fdv\u00e1me d\u011bjem katabatick\u00fdm. Je velmi nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd pro piloty, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159es den pracuj\u00ed a pozd\u011b odpoledne vyraz\u00ed na \u201epodve\u010dern\u00edho slet\u00edka\u201c. Pokud se toti\u017e opozd\u00ed, se dv\u011bmi metry do zad se jim bude startovat velice \u0161patn\u011b. \u00dadoln\u00ed v\u00edtr v\u0161ak setrva\u010dnost\u00ed vane i nad\u00e1le (Jsou to statis\u00edce, mo\u017en\u00e1 miliony tun vzduchu, kter\u00e9 se daly do pohybu. Je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bjakou dobu se h\u00fdbat budou, ne\u017e jim energie dojde.) a ve st\u0159edu \u00fadol\u00ed se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 se vzduchem, kter\u00fd ji\u017e pod\u00e9l svah\u016f st\u00e9k\u00e1 dol\u016f. V uzav\u0159en\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch podkovitov\u00e9ho tvaru pak nem\u00e1 jinou mo\u017enost, ne\u017e nad st\u0159edem \u00fadol\u00ed stoupat vzh\u016fru. Tak vznik\u00e1 klidn\u00e1 ve\u010dern\u00ed termika nad st\u0159edy \u00fadol\u00ed, do kter\u00e9 se v\u0161ak dostat je pouze z\u00e1le\u017eitosti \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed \u2013 stoup\u00e1n\u00ed neza\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 od zem\u011b, nad st\u0159ed \u00fadol\u00ed je to pom\u011brn\u011b daleko a vzduch, sklouz\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed po svaz\u00edch, pokud start vysloven\u011b neznemo\u017en\u00ed, pak alespo\u0148 dost dlouho \u201esplachuje\u201c.<\/p>\n

Za n\u011bjakou dobu v\u0161ak dojde i tato posledn\u00ed z\u00e1soba energie. Nad horami se b\u011bhem dne vytvo\u0159ila vlivem termiky jak\u00e1si \u201ev\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kupa vzduchu\u201c a nad tou te\u010f p\u0159evl\u00e1dne vliv gravitace. Vzduch st\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed po svaz\u00edch a klesaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e nad \u00fadol\u00edmi obr\u00e1t\u00ed sm\u011br v\u011btru v \u00fadol\u00ed sm\u011brem dol\u016f a tento \u201eno\u010dn\u00ed skluz\u201c, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed asi dv\u011b hodiny po z\u00e1padu slunce, pak trv\u00e1 a\u017e do rann\u00edho rozb\u0159esku, kdy se postupn\u011b vy\u010derp\u00e1. Za v\u00fdchodu slunce je ji\u017e ve st\u0159edu \u00fadol\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou klid a cel\u00fd d\u011bj tak m\u016f\u017ee za\u010d\u00edt nanovo.<\/p>\n

S popsan\u00fdm jevem, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ehorsk\u00e9 a \u00fadoln\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed\u201c se m\u016f\u017eeme za termick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek setkat ve v\u0161ech hor\u00e1ch, intenzita se odv\u00edj\u00ed od p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed a tvaru ter\u00e9nu a od stupn\u011b termick\u00e9 aktivity. Anabatick\u00fd denn\u00ed v\u00fdkluz a katabatick\u00fd ve\u010dern\u00ed skluz pak vznikaj\u00ed i na izolovan\u00fdch ter\u00e9nn\u00edch hran\u00e1ch, vzhledem k absenci \u00fadol\u00ed pak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i bez \u00fadoln\u00edho v\u011btru. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad Dunajovick\u00fd kopec nedaleko Mikulova, kde si \u010dasto m\u016f\u017eeme myslet, \u017ee pouze svahujeme, ale p\u0159itom l\u00e9t\u00e1me v termick\u00e9m proud\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyklouz\u00e1v\u00e1 po m\u00edrn\u011b sklon\u011bn\u00e9m p\u0159edpol\u00ed od obce Dobr\u00e9 Pole.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”51708″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” style=”vc_box_rounded”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”] Vznik v\u011btru [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text disable_pattern=”false”]V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e existuj\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 \u00fatvary \u2013 tedy tlakov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e a n\u00ed\u017ee. Tlakov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly maj\u00ed tendenci se vyrovn\u00e1vat a vzduch tud\u00ed\u017e chce p\u0159eb\u00edhat z v\u00fd\u0161e do n\u00ed\u017ee, ale v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e nen\u00ed nikdy nic tak jednoduch\u00e9, jak to z po\u010d\u00e1tku vypad\u00e1, tak si na po\u010d\u00e1tku mus\u00edme vysv\u011btlit jeden zaj\u00edmav\u00fd jev, a toti\u017e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":57194,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57225","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"El Speedo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/paragliding.elspeedo.cz\/?fref=ts\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Szacowany czas czytania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"23 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/\",\"name\":\"V\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-06-21T09:28:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\u016f\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"E-learning\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"V\u00edtr a mraky\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/\",\"name\":\"El Speedo\",\"description\":\"Paragliding - kurzy, vybaven\u00ed, v\u00fdlety, komunita\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"V\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo","description":"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/","og_locale":"pl_PL","og_type":"article","og_title":"V\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo","og_description":"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava","og_url":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/","og_site_name":"El Speedo","article_publisher":"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/paragliding.elspeedo.cz\/?fref=ts","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Szacowany czas czytania":"23 minuty"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/","url":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/","name":"V\u00edtr a mraky — El Speedo","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/#website"},"datePublished":"2017-06-21T09:28:08+00:00","description":"El Speedo je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed paraglidingov\u00e1 komunita a \u0161kola v \u010cR. Tandemov\u00e9 seskoky, kurzy, expedice a paragliding v\u00fdbava","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/vitr-a-mraky\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Dom\u016f","item":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"E-learning","item":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/e-vyuka\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"V\u00edtr a mraky"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/#website","url":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/","name":"El Speedo","description":"Paragliding - kurzy, vybaven\u00ed, v\u00fdlety, komunita","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"pl-PL"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57225","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57225"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57225\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/elspeedo.cz\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57225"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}